The Federal Reserve has been grappling with the worst inflation in over 40 years. Of course, it’s not just the Fed. Equity investors, bondholders, consumers, and workers are feeling the sting of higher prices.
High inflation has forced the Fed to react by ratcheting up interest rates at the fastest pace since the early 1980s, according to St. Louis Federal Reserve data.
Higher rates have pressured stocks. Rising yields have also pressured bonds. Remember, the price of bonds moves in the opposite direction of yields.
“Why is the Fed raising interest rates to tackle inflation?”
It’s a fair question that doesn’t require a complex answer. I once heard that economics is simply commonsense made difficult. Let’s go step by step and try to remove the ‘difficult’ as we explain what the Fed is hoping to accomplish.
Inflation raged in the 1970s. It became embedded into the DNA of the economy. No one liked rising prices, but it became just a normal part of everyday life.
That is until Paul Volcker was appointed chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1979. Without diving too deep into economic theory, the Federal Reserve, under his leadership, drove interest rates much higher.
In early 1981, the Fed briefly pushed the fed funds rate over 20% (St. Louis Federal Reserve). Six months prior to that, the key rate sat near 10%. When rates rapidly increase to these very high levels, economic activity grinds to a halt amid the soaring cost of money.
The jobless rate jumped and production fell. It’s the opposite of today’s supply chain woes. Put another way, supply of goods and services exceeded the demand for goods and services.
Input costs came down, which removed the pressure to raise prices. And, with falling demand brought on by a steep recession, most businesses lost the ability to quickly raise prices.
Long story short, the rate of inflation came down. But it took a very painful recession to remove the difficult inflationary cycle out of the economy.
This isn’t the 1970s, but the concept is similar. Raise interest rates, which raises the cost of money and—the Fed hopes—slows demand.
Slower demand would likely reduce the already high job openings (in turn, reducing upward pressure on wages). Slower demand makes it more difficult to raise prices, which would bring down the rate of inflation—at least that is the theory behind the Fed’s reasoning.
Are We in Recession Already?
If we’re in a recession, it’s one unusual recession. Job growth is strong, and quirks in how GDP is calculated are playing a role in the weak numbers. For example, consumer spending was up in Q1 and Q2.
While job openings are still high, they are coming down, according to the latest U.S. BLS data.
Instead of a recession, today’s environment is more akin to ‘stagflation,’ or stagnate economic growth and high inflation. Bringing inflation down isn’t an overnight process.
In order to succeed, the Fed is eyeing additional rate hikes, as it hopes to bring demand back in line with supply.
Jerome Powell, current chair of the Fed, recognizes that it may take a recession to help get inflation back to the Fed’s 2% target, or good fortune to engineer an economic soft landing, i.e., slower economic growth that brings inflation down without a significant rise in the jobless rate.
Powell was asked how deep a recession the Fed might tolerate in its quest to stop inflation. He wisely side-stepped the question. We say ‘wisely’ because telling the public the Fed would blink if the medicine is too tough—or saying ‘Yes, we’ll drive the jobless rate as high as needed’ are hypotheticals that could lead to unintended short-term consequences in the market.
Our basic thesis has not changed as we have described over the past 3 to 4 months. We must see inflation numbers decrease in the coming months. CPI will be announced 3 more times prior to the Mid Terms and we believe they will be declining, this is what is most critical to be watching.
As always, thank you for the trust, confidence, and the opportunity to serve as your financial advisor.
August 2022
Content in this material is for general information only and not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. All performance referenced is historical and is no guarantee of future results. All indices are unmanaged and may not be invested into directly. No strategy assures success or protects against loss. Investing involves risk including loss of principal.
